You speak of bombs, nuclear or not, as if that is the worst weapon mankind possesses atm...
If damage is the goal of a attack today, it's quite obvious that the game has stepped up since the World war, as we have once again developed the experiments from the Great war into real abominations; Toxins, viruses, generally speaking biological warfare. Infecting a major airport in the US with smallpox, or one in Europe would not only send that country back decades or so years, also the whole continent would take a timeless of at least five decades years back in time.
Blowing up a dirty bomb is probably not the weapon of choice today as seen of the superpowers, economic warfare is the new "legal warfare". Starving citizens seems to be the no 1 play of the US and western collision when it comes to handling Russia and the middle east, striking the labouring man so that change can be brought from inside the country...
Political warfare today is the same as during the cold war without the population being indoctrinated that it's the US against Soviet, where for some reason the Soviet were the bad guys while the US kept torturing its own citizens and killing innocents in Vietnam and Korea while the Soviet tried holding the US interference in check in those regions alongside their allies. (And for a very brief period of time the opposite in Afghanistan.) And reading the first post I take it you still believe it will come to nukes being fire like rounds at the other...
The answer to your question is the only thing holding people back is that they have something left to protect. As long as you don't push people to their limits so that they welcome the afterlife by doing something like flying a airplane into a high building or something else you have nothing to fear. Then again the US has proven that it can't seem to not cross that bride as history has showed us not once, but twice.